One of the most basic doctrines in the predicate logic is that existence can never be a predicate; rather, it is the particular quantifier. Here Ill try to explore the views of the founders of Fregean logic on the structure of the proposition, and why it does not take existence as a predicate. Then Ill state their explanation and solution for existential propositions. Finally, Ill investigate the shortcomings of their analysis. Many analytical philosophers, including Moore, Kneale, Wisdon, Ayer, etc, who have denied 'existence' as a predicate, have done so as part of their refutation of the ontological argument for the God's existence. However, here Ill deal only with Frege, Russell, and Quine. The other philosopher's stance can more or less be found in one of these three.

This essay critically studies one of the important criticisms of the existence predicate, i.e. the referentiality/ non-referentiality proof. Also, it wants to show some of the weaknesses of the following views: (1) existence by no means is a predicate; (2) existence is not a logical predicate; and even, from some aspects, the more acceptable view that says that; (3) although existence by no means is a logical predicate in a subject-predicate way, it is a logical predicate in a non-subject-predicate way. Thus, the paper by means of the equivalence of referentiality and existence offers a strengthened version of existence predicate in Muslim philosophy and logic, and shows that in (1) and (2) Muslim philosophy and logic is defensible and in (3) the current views are not preferable to Muslim philosophy and logic. Again, by reconstructing the foundations of Muslim philosophy and logic it accepts the rational referentiality of nonbeing in an indirect way.

Avicenna has been the first in the history of logic to discuss in detail the quality and the quantity of the conjunctive - conditional predicate (gozare- ha - ye sartT -e mottasele). He presented in simple terms the general and particular problems posed by this kind of sentence, as well as the condition of affirmation or negation. Although this analysis enabled him to precise numerous points, he didnt give a final formal system on this subject, mainly because he mixed the common and acceptable logic of the conditional predicates, which lead to a number of contradictions. Avicenna is considered as the founder of conjuctive - conditional syllogism. Apparently. he intended to compare conditional predicates with categorical ones, and basing himself on their similarity, he used the same kind of logic for both.

Usually two-dimensional substitution is used for the production of integrated circuits. Due to heavy use of communications, two-dimensional substitution has high losses as well as, density of elements is low in it. To resolve this problem, three-dimensional substitution method was proposed. Rather than the two-dimensional arrangement of elements in a row, elements are layout in three dimensions in this substitution. In this paper, three-dimensional substitution algorithms using order used in two-dimensional substitution, three-dimensional substitution analysis by mPL and three-dimensional substitution simultaneous with two-dimensional substitution by mPL have been studied in terms of structure and function, and a butterfly processing element (PE) and an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block and a wireless MIMO decoder to assess them have been implemented with the mentioned methods. . Applying these methods shows that the use of face to face integration by microbuses in communications of substitution algorithm, on average, improves the maximum clock and block speed of AES encryption to 15. 3% and the maximum clock and block speed of PE module to 22. 6% as well as the maximum clock and speed of MIMO modules to 17. 1%, while the use of these methods has led to the average reduction in power consumption of 2. 6% for the AES module and the average reduction in power of 12. 9% for the PE module and the average reduction in power consumption of 5. 1% for MIMO module.

This paper investigates the syntax of Persian complex predicates, within the argument-structure prominence theory of Grimshaw (1992). Since many linguists have been concerned with Persian complex predicates, we critically review their proposals. The previous studies about it consists of incorporation and light verb procedures. We show that argument- structure of the verbal elements in its heavy function is not different from argument -structure of its corresponding form in complex predicates, as most linguists have supposed, the so- called light verbs are shown to be thematically Light and bleached Rather, they but it assigns i·±-roles to arguments in the sentence. As the paper supposes non-verbal element of the complex predicate can be whether an argument or a part of it. In the latter, the non- verbal element is a kind of predicate. Some times the non-verbal element as argument is somehow semantically idiosyncratic and unusual. The theme together with the verbal element result in a single meaning which is the necessary condition for the formation of complex predicate. As the last point, our hypothesis prefers argument- participation to Grimshaw & Mester's argument- transfer.

The present paper is devoted to the phenomenon of "presupposition" and its variants. This Phenomenon has alluded generations of linguists. In the same vein, it has drawn the attention of logicians in view of their interest in the expansion of the first-rank predicate logic and the development of the second-rank predicate logic. This paper is purported to address the concept of presupposition and to analyze its nature from both logical and linguistic vantage-points.

In examining the sense of predicate we can find three important theses in Frege’s theory:1- The mode of presentation of referent is contained in the sense of an expression. So, the sense of predicate contains the mode of presentation of concepts, as its referent.2- The sense of predicate is unsaturated.3- The sense of predicate is part of the sense of the sentence in which it occurs.Every given significant commentary for the sense of predicate violates at least one of the above theses. Also, Dummett and Klement give special commentary for unsaturatedness of the sense of predicate, but both of them are inconsistent with what appears from Frege. It seems, in general, that a proper explanation which will be consistent with all three theses cannot be given.

In examining the sense of predicate we can fmd three import;anttheses in Freges theory: 1.The mode of presentation of referent is contained in the sense of an expression. So, the sense of predicate consists of the mode of presentation of concept as its referent. 2.The sense of predicate is unsaturated. 3.The sense of predicate is part ofthe sense ofthe sentence in which it occurs. In surveying the most important commentarieson the sense of predicate in Freges theory, it was found out that each commentary violates at least one of the above theses. Also, Dummett and Klement give special commentary on unsaturatedness of the sense of predicate, both of interpretations which are inconsistent with The appearence of Ferges theses. It seems, in general, that a proper explanation which will be consistent with all the three theses cannot be given.

predicate IS one of the mom components of sentence that gives a description about the subject and its grammatical form is dictated by the subject. Depending on the kind of the verb used in the predicate structure and on the way grammatical and semantic meanings are expressed, predicate s may take different forms: verbal, nominal, simple, and non­ simple. This type of classification for the predicate exists in both Russian and Persian. Russian linguists study the issue of predicate mainly in verbs, while in Persian the majority of linguists consider predicate to be anything expressed about the subject of the sentence. Pissicov, a Russian linguist, gives a new classification for predicates in Persian which facilitates the selection of equivalent for predicate structures in both Languages. Accordingly, one may compare the nominal predicate in the majority of cases in both Russian and Persian Languages and find appropriate equivalents for verbal predicates.